National Park Service Cracks Down on AWD Drivers Using 4WD-Only Trails

In a recent move that’s catching some adventure-seekers off guard, the National Park Service (NPS) is warning drivers of all-wheel-drive (AWD) vehicles that they could face steep fines—or even jail time—if they attempt to tackle trails designated for four-wheel-drive (4WD) vehicles only. The confusion between AWD and 4WD systems has led to several recent citations, highlighting the importance of knowing your vehicle’s limitations before hitting the dirt.

A Case in Point: Subaru Crosstrek Driver Faces Penalty

The issue came to light when a Subaru Crosstrek owner, after completing a trail in Utah’s Canyonlands National Park, received a formal letter from the NPS and posted the letter on Reddit. Despite successfully navigating the rough terrain without incident, the driver was informed that his vehicle’s AWD system does not meet the requirements for 4WD-only routes.

According to the NPS, roads like the Colorado River Overlook Road in the Needles District require “high clearance four-wheel drive” vehicles equipped with a transfer case capable of locking the front and rear axles together—something AWD vehicles lack.

The letter cited potential penalties for repeat violations, including a fine of up to $5,000 and even six months in jail. The Crosstrek driver, who later admitted not fully understanding the difference between AWD and 4WD before receiving the letter, is far from alone in this confusion.

AWD vs. 4WD: What’s the Difference?

At a glance, AWD and 4WD systems might seem similar—they both send power to all four wheels—but they function quite differently, especially off-road. AWD systems, like the one found in Subaru’s Crosstrek, are designed to automatically adjust power distribution based on road conditions, which makes them great for icy roads or gravel paths. However, they’re less suited for the kind of rugged, unpredictable terrain found on designated 4WD trails.

On the other hand, true 4WD systems allow drivers to manually engage and lock the front and rear axles together, delivering equal power to all four wheels—ideal for getting through tough spots like deep mud or steep inclines. These systems often come with additional features like low-range gearing and differential locks that provide even more control in challenging environments.

On the Canyonlands National Park website, they define “High-Clearance Four-Wheel-Drive Vehicles” as follows:

“A Jeep, sport utility vehicle (SUV), or truck type with at least 15-inch tire rims and at least eight inches of clearance from the lowest point of the frame, body, suspension, or differential to the ground. Four wheel drive vehicles have a driveshaft that can directly power each wheel at the same time and a transfer case that can shift between powering two wheel or four wheels in low or high gear. All wheel drive (AWD) vehicles do not meet this definition.”

Here in SoCal, Joshua Tree National Park offers a list of popular dirt road and off-road trails and indicates which require high-clearance four-wheel-drive vehicles. Death Valley National Park publishes a PDF map that indicates which roads are for high-clearance four-wheel drives only.

Why the Strict Rules?

The NPS argues that these regulations are not just about protecting vehicles—they’re also about safety and conservation. Off-road trails in national parks are often remote, with limited access to emergency services. A stuck or disabled vehicle can create significant hazards for both the driver and park rangers. Additionally, improper use of these trails can lead to environmental damage, from tearing up fragile ecosystems to creating new, unauthorized paths.

While it’s easy to see why a capable AWD vehicle might be tempting for light off-roading, the NPS’s stance is clear: when it comes to serious off-road trails, AWD just doesn’t cut it. Before setting out on an adventure, it’s essential to check trail requirements and ensure your vehicle meets the necessary standards.

NPS offers a primer on off-roading on the Mojave National Preserve website.

Looking Ahead: What AWD Drivers Should Know

For those who own AWD vehicles, this situation serves as a reminder to carefully research trails and understand the limitations of your vehicle. Even if a trail appears manageable, it’s important to respect posted restrictions—not just to avoid fines, but to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience for everyone using these wilderness areas.